When most people hear about breast cancer, they picture a condition that only affects women. However, men have breast tissue as well, which means men can and do develop breast cancer. While it accounts for less than one percent of all breast cancer diagnoses, male breast cancer is often caught at a later stage simply because many men do not realize they are at risk or tend to dismiss early changes.
All humans are born with a small amount of breast tissue located directly behind the nipple and areola. During puberty, women develop more tissue due to higher estrogen levels, whereas men typically do not. Nevertheless, the cells within male breast tissue can still undergo genetic changes that lead to tumor growth. Most cases are diagnosed in men between the ages of 60 and 70.
Several factors can increase a man's risk of developing breast cancer. Inheriting mutations in certain genes, such as the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes, significantly raises the likelihood. Conditions that lead to higher estrogen levels relative to testosterone also play a role. These include heavy alcohol use, liver disease, severe obesity, or taking certain hormonal medications. A genetic condition called Klinefelter syndrome also increases overall risk.
Because men have very little breast tissue, changes are often easier to feel than they might be in women. The most common warning sign is a firm, painless lump or thickening behind or near the nipple. Other signs include changes to the skin over the chest like dimpling or redness, a nipple that turns inward, or any unusual discharge from the nipple. Swollen lymph nodes under the armpit are also important to note.
Because routine screening mammograms are not recommended for the general male population, self-awareness is your best defense. When caught early, male breast cancer is highly treatable through a combination of surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or hormone therapy. If you have a strong family history of breast cancer or notice a firm lump or skin change on your chest, please do not dismiss it as a strain or bug bite. Schedule an appointment with your family physician for a quick check.