Alcohol is a substance found in drinks like beer, wine, and liquor (such as vodka, rum, and whiskey). All of these contain ethanol, which affects the brain and body when consumed. People may drink for social, cultural, or personal reasons. While alcohol is legal for adults over 21 in the U.S., it’s important to understand that alcohol use and misuse can occur at any age. Because of this, doctors often screen people of all ages for alcohol use during routine checkups, even if they are not of legal drinking age.
Certain age groups and personal factors can increase the risk of alcohol use or abuse. Teenagers and young adults may drink due to peer pressure, stress, or curiosity. Middle-aged and older adults may turn to alcohol to cope with life changes, loneliness, or chronic pain. People with a family history of alcohol problems, mental health conditions (like depression or anxiety), or high stress levels are also more likely to misuse alcohol. Binge drinking (having several drinks in a short period) and regular heavy drinking are especially risky behaviors.
Safe alcohol use is usually defined as no more than one drink per day for women and two drinks per day for men. One drink equals 12 oz. of beer, 5 oz. of wine, or 1.5 oz. of hard liquor. Drinking more than this, especially regularly, may be a sign of unhealthy use. If someone finds it hard to cut back, needs to drink more to feel the same effect, or drinks in risky situations (like before driving), it’s time to talk to a doctor or counselor. Alcohol use that starts affecting someone’s job, relationships, or health is also a red flag.
If you're worried about a friend or family member, it's important to speak up. Let them know what you've noticed and that you're concerned. You can encourage them to speak with their doctor or call a helpline. Free and confidential resources include SAMHSA’s National Helpline (1-800-662-HELP), Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), and local health clinics. These services can provide support, information, and even free or low-cost treatment options.
Treatment for alcohol use depends on the person’s needs. Some people benefit from counseling or therapy, while others may need medications to reduce cravings. Group support, like 12-step programs, can offer encouragement and structure. In more severe cases, rehabilitation centers provide medical care and therapy to help with recovery. Most importantly, treatment is not one-size-fits-all—what works for one person may be different for another.
Long-term alcohol use can damage the liver, heart, and brain. It also increases the risk for certain cancers and mental health problems. In daily life, alcohol misuse can strain relationships, hurt job performance, and cause legal or financial trouble. Getting help early can make a big difference and taking that first step is a sign of strength, not weakness.
Dr. Allen Fellers is a resident physician who sees patients of all ages and provides obstetrical services at Lone Star Family Health Center, a non-profit 501©3 Federally Qualified Health Center operating facilities in Conroe, Spring, Willis, Grangerland, and Huntsville, and serving as home to a fully integrated Family Medicine Residency Program to increase the number of Family Medicine physicians for Texas and our community.
